Posts Tagged ‘assessment’

This weeks question of the week was asked by user Yoav Aner, who wanted to understand the legal and ethical concerns of executing an attack on a web site which carried a notice inviting attacks. Yoav specifically wanted to know what, if any contractual implications there were and if it were not specified, how far would be too far. This spun off into two further questions – What security measures to have before openly allowing security researchers to hack your site and What security concerns should one bear in mind when hacking open-invitation websites? so this post will look at all three.

Before we start, I must re-iterate: we are security professionals here, not lawyers, so if in doubt, consult a lawyer.

Legal and ethical concerns:

The answer Yoav accepted was provided by Rory McCune, who raised the point that ultimately, a no holds barred approach is extremely unlikely to be acceptable in any circumstance. Rory highlighted the importance of ensuring the page in question was written by the administrators of the site, as opposed to being supplied through user content. Clearly, unless it is clear the page was written by someone with the authority to make that kind of invitation, attacking it would definitely be hostile.

Another excellent point raised in this answer was that some companies actively invite finding bugs in their web sites and products, provided you follow a number of guidelines. More on this can be found in the answer itself.

Finally, Rory touched on what many people may forget – although the website may invite attempted break-ins, it may actually be illegal where you are even to make the attempt.

Our next answer was provided by Security moderator, user and blogger Rory Alsop. According to Rory, one problem when dealing with this kind of issue is that no test cases have yet passed through the courts – so until they do, it’s unlikely any precedent has been established for dealing with these kinds of issues. Rory also raised the criminal activity point again. Always understand that the law of your country/jurisdiction still applies.

Next up, Rory explained that during a penetration test a contract established for the work may include rules about what should happen, how far a test may go, who should be notified if a vulnerability is found etc. Even with this safeguard, there is still the potential for legal action should something break. Rory advised logging absolutely everything that was going on so as to have proof of actions.

When applied to the website scenario, Rory pointed out that in this case there is no signed contract establishing this understanding, just an implication of one which neither party is legally bound to.

That is all for answers on this question. I tend to miss questions on ethics on the main site, so writing them up is actually quite interesting. As such, I am going to summarise the key points below:

1. The rules of engagement are not well established. Assuming a “feel free to hack this message” we have no idea to what extent that is actually what they mean. By contrast, penetration testing is usually better scoped.
2. The author of the page might not have the authority to make such an invitation. As I was reading this, I did wonder – if this is a shared host, the administrator of the site is a different person from the company who owns and maintains the box. So even though the site author can put up this message, they’re not actually entitled to make that call (and it probably violates the ToS on their hosting package).
3. It may be illegal to engage in the act of attempting, whether or not the site in question has given you permission.
4. Some sites actively encourage hunting for bugs.

Security concerns when hacking open-invitation websites:

Iszi raised the following worries on his question

• The site could be a honeypot, run by government or other entities looking to gather information about active (or would-be) hackers.
• The site could be set up by a black-hat as a honeypot to gather a list of interesting, hackable amateurs to target.
• A third-party black-hat could potentially access the site’s logs and farm them for data about interesting, hackable amateurs to target.

Lucas Kauffman confirmed that he had a school project where he faked an open sendmail relay and

just piped all the incoming emails to a python script that got all the destinations out, generating my own spamlist. I think in the end after about 3 weeks I had close to 300.000 different email addresses.

Rory Alsop focused on the reputational and professional risks, as the host of the site will be able to see everything you did in their logs…do you ever mistype commands, use dir instead of ls, accidentally stray outside the scope of the test? This will be recorded and could negatively impact you.

Think about what you are divulging when hacking a website….

• Your methodology
• Your tools
• Your mistakes?
• etc

Finally – Yoav also asked a question focusing on the other side,

What security measures should I have in place before inviting people to hack my website?

Ttfd’s answer went into some considerable detail on the practical logistics – how you think about the problem is probably as important as actually implementing security in this situation:

1. Do you have the money to do that?
2. Do you have the resources? (servers, security teams and etc)
3. How far can you limit the damages a hacker can make to your system? I.E. If a hacker hacks into your server what access will he have ? Will he be able to connect to your database and retrieve/store/update data? Is your data encrypted ? Will he be able to decrypt it? (and so on)
4. Can your security team find how a hacker exploited your system?
5. Does your security team have the skills to fix problems that may occur ?
6. Probably many more questions that you need to ask and answer before you decide.

M15K gave a summarised answer

I can’t imagine very many positive scenarios in declaring open season on you’re front door will result in something useful. But let’s say you do, and you do get some positive feedback. Are you and your security team in a position to remediate those vulnerabilities?

Interesting stuff! All in all, this looks like a relatively risky business on both sides, so core to the decision must be a full understanding of the risks, and how these match to your risk appetite. If you are hosting such a site, you may get some valuable information into attack techniques, but you need to protect yourself from an escalation from the attack environment to your own systems. If you are testing the site, think about the risks you may be facing, and plan accordingly.

Liked this question of the week? Interested in reading it or adding an answer? See the question in full. Have questions of a security nature of your own? Security expert and want to help others? Come and join us at security.stackexchange.com. 

My workplace recently, for some definitions of recent, switched the company we use for certificate signing to InCommon. There were quite a few technical/administrative advantages, and since we’re educational, price was a big factor. Everyone has been really happy with the results. Well, except for this one thing.  InCommon is not a top level trusted CA, they chain through AddTrust. This isn’t actually all that big a deal, really, as AddTrust is a common CA to have in your trusted bundle, and all we had to do was configure the InCommon chain certificate on our web servers. Other than the occasional chain breakage on some mobile browsers everything seemed peachy. Except, that is, when we ran a vulnerability scan.

Shortly after we switched we started noticing some odd alerts coming out of our vulnerability scans. At first one or two were reporting that the SSL certificate could not be validated. We manually verified the certificates, declared them as false positives, and moved on. Over time more and more systems started reporting this error. Eventually the problem had propagated out far enough that I started digging into it. For reference, the PluginID we’re looking at here is 51192.

I learned two very important, and relevant, pieces of information that day:

1. Nessus was not properly validating the chain.
2. Chain Certificate files are a little stranger than expected.

Instead of using a system default CA bundle, Nessus ships with its own. You can find the bundle, called known_CA.inc, in the plugin directory. So on Linux systems you should be looking at /opt/nessus/lib/nessus/plugins/known_CA.inc. If you are using a Windows scanner, well, you’re on your own. This is a fairly standard looking CA bundle, and I found that AddTrust was, in fact, included. I did not, however, find any reference to InCommon. Since they are somehow related to Internet2 I looked for them, also no luck.

This isn’t really that big a deal, though. Nessus will also look for, but will not update, a secondary bundle called custom_CA.inc. In most cases, this file would be used to include a local CA, for instance in a closed corporate network where one generates self-signed certificates as a matter of course. However, since you can use it to include arbitrary CA certs we can use it to fix our problem.

It’s easy enough for me to get the intermediate cert, what with it being public and all. This is where things started to get a little weird, though. In order to stay consistent with the known_CA.inc I included the certificate as a decoded X.509+PEM. Placing only the intermediate cert in this file resulted in, again, the certificate chain failing to validate. Next, what follows is a Nessus debugging tip that was roughly an hour’s worth of swearing in the discovering:

If you don’t think the web interface is showing you sufficient information, look at the plugin output in the raw XML.

You can get this by either exporting the report, or by finding it in the user’s reports folder on the scanner. What I discovered was that all of the various and sundry certificates were being read and validated. The chain, however, was being checked in the wrong order, in this case: webserver->AddTrust->InCommon.

After a little more trial and error I learned that, not only, did I need to have both the InCommon intermediate, but also the AddTrust certificates in my custom_CA.inc file, but that the order of the certs in the file also mattered. As it happens, AddTrust had to be entered first, followed by InCommon. This does make some amount of sense, when I adjusted my thought process to an actual chain where AddTrust was the “top-level”.

For completeness, I copied the newly complete custom_CA.inc file to my test webserver and included it as a chain cert using the SSLCertificateChainFile option. This is Apache httpd on Linux, you nginx or IIS folks are on your own. After removing the custom_CA.inc on the Nessus scanner and re-running the scan resulted in the certificate properly validating.

This left me in a good place in two ways:

1. I now had a properly formatted custom_CA.inc file that I could put into puppet for all the scanners.
2. I now also had a properly formatted chain cert file for inclusion on the web servers.

This fixes the problem from both sides, the server presenting all the correct information, as well as the scanner for cleaning up a false positive. For reference, included below is the chain cert file that was generated. As mentioned previously, it is the same format as a CA bundle. For each certificate you’ll find the ASCII text decoded certificate information, followed by the Base64 encoded PEM version of the same certificate. In my testing, Nessus would accept only the PEM versions, however I wanted to include both outputs since it appears to be the standard.

Certificate:
    Data:
        Version: 3 (0x2)
        Serial Number:
            7f:71:c1:d3:a2:26:b0:d2:b1:13:f3:e6:81:67:64:3e
        Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
        Issuer: C=SE, O=AddTrust AB, OU=AddTrust External TTP Network, CN=AddTrust External CA Root
        Validity
            Not Before: Dec  7 00:00:00 2010 GMT
            Not After : May 30 10:48:38 2020 GMT
        Subject: C=US, O=Internet2, OU=InCommon, CN=InCommon Server CA
        Subject Public Key Info:
            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
                Public-Key: (2048 bit)
                Modulus:
                    00:97:7c:c7:c8:fe:b3:e9:20:6a:a3:a4:4f:8e:8e:
                    34:56:06:b3:7a:6c:aa:10:9b:48:61:2b:36:90:69:
                    e3:34:0a:47:a7:bb:7b:de:aa:6a:fb:eb:82:95:8f:
                    ca:1d:7f:af:75:a6:a8:4c:da:20:67:61:1a:0d:86:
                    c1:ca:c1:87:af:ac:4e:e4:de:62:1b:2f:9d:b1:98:
                    af:c6:01:fb:17:70:db:ac:14:59:ec:6f:3f:33:7f:
                    a6:98:0b:e4:e2:38:af:f5:7f:85:6d:0e:74:04:9d:
                    f6:27:86:c7:9b:8f:e7:71:2a:08:f4:03:02:40:63:
                    24:7d:40:57:8f:54:e0:54:7e:b6:13:48:61:f1:de:
                    ce:0e:bd:b6:fa:4d:98:b2:d9:0d:8d:79:a6:e0:aa:
                    cd:0c:91:9a:a5:df:ab:73:bb:ca:14:78:5c:47:29:
                    a1:ca:c5:ba:9f:c7:da:60:f7:ff:e7:7f:f2:d9:da:
                    a1:2d:0f:49:16:a7:d3:00:92:cf:8a:47:d9:4d:f8:
                    d5:95:66:d3:74:f9:80:63:00:4f:4c:84:16:1f:b3:
                    f5:24:1f:a1:4e:de:e8:95:d6:b2:0b:09:8b:2c:6b:
                    c7:5c:2f:8c:63:c9:99:cb:52:b1:62:7b:73:01:62:
                    7f:63:6c:d8:68:a0:ee:6a:a8:8d:1f:29:f3:d0:18:
                    ac:ad
                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
        X509v3 extensions:
            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
                keyid:AD:BD:98:7A:34:B4:26:F7:FA:C4:26:54:EF:03:BD:E0:24:CB:54:1A


            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
                48:4F:5A:FA:2F:4A:9A:5E:E0:50:F3:6B:7B:55:A5:DE:F5:BE:34:5D
            X509v3 Key Usage: critical
                Certificate Sign, CRL Sign
            X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
                CA:TRUE, pathlen:0
            X509v3 Certificate Policies:
                Policy: X509v3 Any Policy

            X509v3 CRL Distribution Points:

                Full Name:
                  URI:http://crl.usertrust.com/AddTrustExternalCARoot.crl

            Authority Information Access:
                CA Issuers - URI:http://crt.usertrust.com/AddTrustExternalCARoot.p7c
                CA Issuers - URI:http://crt.usertrust.com/AddTrustUTNSGCCA.crt
                OCSP - URI:http://ocsp.usertrust.com

    Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
        93:66:21:80:74:45:85:4b:c2:ab:ce:32:b0:29:fe:dd:df:d6:
        24:5b:bf:03:6a:6f:50:3e:0e:1b:b3:0d:88:a3:5b:ee:c4:a4:
        12:3b:56:ef:06:7f:cf:7f:21:95:56:3b:41:31:fe:e1:aa:93:
        d2:95:f3:95:0d:3c:47:ab:ca:5c:26:ad:3e:f1:f9:8c:34:6e:
        11:be:f4:67:e3:02:49:f9:a6:7c:7b:64:25:dd:17:46:f2:50:
        e3:e3:0a:21:3a:49:24:cd:c6:84:65:68:67:68:b0:45:2d:47:
        99:cd:9c:ab:86:29:11:72:dc:d6:9c:36:43:74:f3:d4:97:9e:
        56:a0:fe:5f:40:58:d2:d5:d7:7e:7c:c5:8e:1a:b2:04:5c:92:
        66:0e:85:ad:2e:06:ce:c8:a3:d8:eb:14:27:91:de:cf:17:30:
        81:53:b6:66:12:ad:37:e4:f5:ef:96:5c:20:0e:36:e9:ac:62:
        7d:19:81:8a:f5:90:61:a6:49:ab:ce:3c:df:e6:ca:64:ee:82:
        65:39:45:95:16:ba:41:06:00:98:ba:0c:56:61:e4:c6:c6:86:
        01:cf:66:a9:22:29:02:d6:3d:cf:c4:2a:8d:99:de:fb:09:14:
        9e:0e:d1:d5:c6:d7:81:dd:ad:24:ab:ac:07:05:e2:1d:68:c3:
        70:66:5f:d3
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIEwzCCA6ugAwIBAgIQf3HB06ImsNKxE/PmgWdkPjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADBv
MQswCQYDVQQGEwJTRTEUMBIGA1UEChMLQWRkVHJ1c3QgQUIxJjAkBgNVBAsTHUFk
ZFRydXN0IEV4dGVybmFsIFRUUCBOZXR3b3JrMSIwIAYDVQQDExlBZGRUcnVzdCBF
eHRlcm5hbCBDQSBSb290MB4XDTEwMTIwNzAwMDAwMFoXDTIwMDUzMDEwNDgzOFow
UTELMAkGA1UEBhMCVVMxEjAQBgNVBAoTCUludGVybmV0MjERMA8GA1UECxMISW5D
b21tb24xGzAZBgNVBAMTEkluQ29tbW9uIFNlcnZlciBDQTCCASIwDQYJKoZIhvcN
AQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBAJd8x8j+s+kgaqOkT46ONFYGs3psqhCbSGErNpBp
4zQKR6e7e96qavvrgpWPyh1/r3WmqEzaIGdhGg2GwcrBh6+sTuTeYhsvnbGYr8YB
+xdw26wUWexvPzN/ppgL5OI4r/V/hW0OdASd9ieGx5uP53EqCPQDAkBjJH1AV49U
4FR+thNIYfHezg69tvpNmLLZDY15puCqzQyRmqXfq3O7yhR4XEcpocrFup/H2mD3
/+d/8tnaoS0PSRan0wCSz4pH2U341ZVm03T5gGMAT0yEFh+z9SQfoU7e6JXWsgsJ
iyxrx1wvjGPJmctSsWJ7cwFif2Ns2Gig7mqojR8p89AYrK0CAwEAAaOCAXcwggFz
MB8GA1UdIwQYMBaAFK29mHo0tCb3+sQmVO8DveAky1QaMB0GA1UdDgQWBBRIT1r6
L0qaXuBQ82t7VaXe9b40XTAOBgNVHQ8BAf8EBAMCAQYwEgYDVR0TAQH/BAgwBgEB
/wIBADARBgNVHSAECjAIMAYGBFUdIAAwRAYDVR0fBD0wOzA5oDegNYYzaHR0cDov
L2NybC51c2VydHJ1c3QuY29tL0FkZFRydXN0RXh0ZXJuYWxDQVJvb3QuY3JsMIGz
BggrBgEFBQcBAQSBpjCBozA/BggrBgEFBQcwAoYzaHR0cDovL2NydC51c2VydHJ1
c3QuY29tL0FkZFRydXN0RXh0ZXJuYWxDQVJvb3QucDdjMDkGCCsGAQUFBzAChi1o
dHRwOi8vY3J0LnVzZXJ0cnVzdC5jb20vQWRkVHJ1c3RVVE5TR0NDQS5jcnQwJQYI
KwYBBQUHMAGGGWh0dHA6Ly9vY3NwLnVzZXJ0cnVzdC5jb20wDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEF
BQADggEBAJNmIYB0RYVLwqvOMrAp/t3f1iRbvwNqb1A+DhuzDYijW+7EpBI7Vu8G
f89/IZVWO0Ex/uGqk9KV85UNPEerylwmrT7x+Yw0bhG+9GfjAkn5pnx7ZCXdF0by
UOPjCiE6SSTNxoRlaGdosEUtR5nNnKuGKRFy3NacNkN089SXnlag/l9AWNLV1358
xY4asgRckmYOha0uBs7Io9jrFCeR3s8XMIFTtmYSrTfk9e+WXCAONumsYn0ZgYr1
kGGmSavOPN/mymTugmU5RZUWukEGAJi6DFZh5MbGhgHPZqkiKQLWPc/EKo2Z3vsJ
FJ4O0dXG14HdrSSrrAcF4h1ow3BmX9M=
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
Certificate:
    Data:
        Version: 3 (0x2)
        Serial Number: 1 (0x1)
        Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
        Issuer: C=SE, O=AddTrust AB, OU=AddTrust External TTP Network, CN=AddTrust External CA Root
        Validity
            Not Before: May 30 10:48:38 2000 GMT
            Not After : May 30 10:48:38 2020 GMT
        Subject: C=SE, O=AddTrust AB, OU=AddTrust External TTP Network, CN=AddTrust External CA Root
        Subject Public Key Info:
            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
                Public-Key: (2048 bit)
                Modulus:
                    00:b7:f7:1a:33:e6:f2:00:04:2d:39:e0:4e:5b:ed:
                    1f:bc:6c:0f:cd:b5:fa:23:b6:ce:de:9b:11:33:97:
                    a4:29:4c:7d:93:9f:bd:4a:bc:93:ed:03:1a:e3:8f:
                    cf:e5:6d:50:5a:d6:97:29:94:5a:80:b0:49:7a:db:
                    2e:95:fd:b8:ca:bf:37:38:2d:1e:3e:91:41:ad:70:
                    56:c7:f0:4f:3f:e8:32:9e:74:ca:c8:90:54:e9:c6:
                    5f:0f:78:9d:9a:40:3c:0e:ac:61:aa:5e:14:8f:9e:
                    87:a1:6a:50:dc:d7:9a:4e:af:05:b3:a6:71:94:9c:
                    71:b3:50:60:0a:c7:13:9d:38:07:86:02:a8:e9:a8:
                    69:26:18:90:ab:4c:b0:4f:23:ab:3a:4f:84:d8:df:
                    ce:9f:e1:69:6f:bb:d7:42:d7:6b:44:e4:c7:ad:ee:
                    6d:41:5f:72:5a:71:08:37:b3:79:65:a4:59:a0:94:
                    37:f7:00:2f:0d:c2:92:72:da:d0:38:72:db:14:a8:
                    45:c4:5d:2a:7d:b7:b4:d6:c4:ee:ac:cd:13:44:b7:
                    c9:2b:dd:43:00:25:fa:61:b9:69:6a:58:23:11:b7:
                    a7:33:8f:56:75:59:f5:cd:29:d7:46:b7:0a:2b:65:
                    b6:d3:42:6f:15:b2:b8:7b:fb:ef:e9:5d:53:d5:34:
                    5a:27
                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
        X509v3 extensions:
            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
                AD:BD:98:7A:34:B4:26:F7:FA:C4:26:54:EF:03:BD:E0:24:CB:54:1A
            X509v3 Key Usage:
                Certificate Sign, CRL Sign
            X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
                CA:TRUE
            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
                keyid:AD:BD:98:7A:34:B4:26:F7:FA:C4:26:54:EF:03:BD:E0:24:CB:54:1A
                DirName:/C=SE/O=AddTrust AB/OU=AddTrust External TTP Network/CN=AddTrust External CA Root
                serial:01

    Signature Algorithm: sha1WithRSAEncryption
        b0:9b:e0:85:25:c2:d6:23:e2:0f:96:06:92:9d:41:98:9c:d9:
        84:79:81:d9:1e:5b:14:07:23:36:65:8f:b0:d8:77:bb:ac:41:
        6c:47:60:83:51:b0:f9:32:3d:e7:fc:f6:26:13:c7:80:16:a5:
        bf:5a:fc:87:cf:78:79:89:21:9a:e2:4c:07:0a:86:35:bc:f2:
        de:51:c4:d2:96:b7:dc:7e:4e:ee:70:fd:1c:39:eb:0c:02:51:
        14:2d:8e:bd:16:e0:c1:df:46:75:e7:24:ad:ec:f4:42:b4:85:
        93:70:10:67:ba:9d:06:35:4a:18:d3:2b:7a:cc:51:42:a1:7a:
        63:d1:e6:bb:a1:c5:2b:c2:36:be:13:0d:e6:bd:63:7e:79:7b:
        a7:09:0d:40:ab:6a:dd:8f:8a:c3:f6:f6:8c:1a:42:05:51:d4:
        45:f5:9f:a7:62:21:68:15:20:43:3c:99:e7:7c:bd:24:d8:a9:
        91:17:73:88:3f:56:1b:31:38:18:b4:71:0f:9a:cd:c8:0e:9e:
        8e:2e:1b:e1:8c:98:83:cb:1f:31:f1:44:4c:c6:04:73:49:76:
        60:0f:c7:f8:bd:17:80:6b:2e:e9:cc:4c:0e:5a:9a:79:0f:20:
        0a:2e:d5:9e:63:26:1e:55:92:94:d8:82:17:5a:7b:d0:bc:c7:
        8f:4e:86:04
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIENjCCAx6gAwIBAgIBATANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADBvMQswCQYDVQQGEwJTRTEU
MBIGA1UEChMLQWRkVHJ1c3QgQUIxJjAkBgNVBAsTHUFkZFRydXN0IEV4dGVybmFs
IFRUUCBOZXR3b3JrMSIwIAYDVQQDExlBZGRUcnVzdCBFeHRlcm5hbCBDQSBSb290
MB4XDTAwMDUzMDEwNDgzOFoXDTIwMDUzMDEwNDgzOFowbzELMAkGA1UEBhMCU0Ux
FDASBgNVBAoTC0FkZFRydXN0IEFCMSYwJAYDVQQLEx1BZGRUcnVzdCBFeHRlcm5h
bCBUVFAgTmV0d29yazEiMCAGA1UEAxMZQWRkVHJ1c3QgRXh0ZXJuYWwgQ0EgUm9v
dDCCASIwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBALf3GjPm8gAELTngTlvt
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-----END CERTIFICATE-----